Kiel mutiny summary6/22/2023 ![]() ![]() When the January Uprising broke out, Edward delivered weapons to Polish partisans and organised fundraisers for the insurrection. Like his father, Edward was a leading member of the Reform Jewish community in the city. Lina and Edward married around 1853 and lived together in Zamość, where Edward worked with his father. Lina and Amalia were daughters of the Rabbi of Meseritz, Isaak Ozer Löwenstein, and their brother was the reform Rabbi Isachar Dov Berish (Bernhard) Löwenstein of Lemberg. He met his wife Lina Löwenstein through his stepmother Amalia, who was Lina's older sister. Edward Eliasz Luxenburg lost his mother at the age of 18. He was born in Zamość on 17 December 1830, the eldest of ten siblings and heir to his father's timber business. He was committed to Jewish emancipation, spoke Polish and Yiddish, and ensured that his children spoke these tongues too it is unclear whether he took part in the November Uprising (1830–31) or not. He supported the Jewish Reform movement, becoming a prominent member of the Zamość Maskilim. ![]() Abraham built a successful timber business there, based in Zamość and Warsaw but with links as far away as Danzig, Leipzig, Berlin, and Hamburg although coming from humble origins, he became a wealthy businessman with transnational connections who could afford to provide for his children an education abroad in the German Empire. Their son, Rosa's grandfather, Abraham Luxemburg probably lived in Warsaw before marrying Chana Szlam (Rosa's grandmother) and moving to Zamość. Little is known about Rozalia's great-grandparents, Elisza and Szayndla, but according to historical evidence it is likely they lived in Warsaw. Despite her own Polish nationality and strong ties to Polish culture, opposition from the PPS due to her stance against the 1918 independence of the Second Polish Republic and later criticism from Stalinists have made her a controversial historical figure in the present-day political discourse of the Third Polish Republic. The German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BVS) asserts that idolization of Luxemburg and Liebknecht is an important tradition of the 21st-century German far-left. Nonetheless, Luxemburg and Liebknecht were extensively idolised as communist martyrs by the East German communist government. ĭue to her pointed criticism of both the Leninist and the more moderate social democratic schools of Marxism, Luxemburg has always had a somewhat ambivalent reception among scholars and theorists of the political left. Freikorps troops captured and executed Luxemburg and Liebknecht during the rebellion. Friedrich Ebert's SPD Cabinet crushed the revolt and the Spartakusbund by sending in the Freikorps, government-sponsored paramilitary groups consisting mostly of battle-hardened World War I veterans of the Imperial German Army. Luxemburg considered the Spartacist uprising of January 1919 a blunder, but supported the attempted overthrow of the SPD-ruled Weimar Republic and rejected any attempt at a negotiated solution. During the November Revolution, she co-founded the newspaper Die Rote Fahne ( The Red Flag), the central organ of the Spartacist movement. Successively, she was a member of the Proletariat party, the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), the Spartacus League ( Spartakusbund), and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).Īfter the SPD supported German involvement in World War I in 1915, Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht co-founded the anti-war Spartacus League ( Spartakusbund) which eventually became the KPD. Rosa Luxemburg ( Polish: Róża Luksemburg ( listen) German: ( listen) born Rozalia Luksenburg 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish and naturalised-German revolutionary socialist, Marxist philosopher and anti-war activist.īorn and raised in a secular Jewish family in Congress Poland, she became a German citizen in 1897. ![]()
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